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《深入理解计算机系统》

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1楼喂自己
IP属地:北京1楼2012-01-27 11:40回复
    操作系统有两个基本功能：
    1、防止硬件被失控的应用程序滥用。
    2、向应用程序提供简单一致的机制来控制复杂而又通常大相径庭的低级硬件设备。
    pp.10
    The operating system has two primary purposes: (1) to protect the hardwarefrom misuse by runaway applications, and (2) to provide applications with simpleand uniform mechanisms for manipulating complicated and often wildly differentlow-level hardware devices.
    pp.14
    IP属地:北京7楼2012-01-27 12:11
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      进程是计算机科学中最重要和最成功的概念之一。
      pp.11
      Process, one of the most important and successful ideas in computerscience.
      pp.15
      IP属地:北京8楼2012-01-27 12:12
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        无论是在单核还是多核系统中，一个CPU看上去都像是在并发地执行多个进程，这是通过处理器在进程间切换来实现的。操作系统实现这种交错执行的机制称为上下文切换。
        pp.11
        In either case, asingle CPU can appear to execute multiple processes concurrently by having theprocessor switch among them. The operating system performs this interleavingwith a mechanism known as context switching.
        pp.15
        IP属地:北京9楼2012-01-27 12:14
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          由于网络服务器对并行处理的需求，线程成为越来越重要的编程模型，因为多线程之间比多进程之间共容易共享数据，也因为线程一般来说都比进程更高效。
          pp.12
          Threads are an increasingly important programming model because of therequirement for concurrency in network servers, because it is easier to share databetween multiple threads than between multiple processes, and because threadsare typically more efficient than processes.
          pp.17
          IP属地:北京10楼2012-01-27 12:16
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            虚拟存储器是一个抽象概念，它为每个进程提供一个假象，即每个进程都在独占地使用主存。每个进程看到的是一致的存储器，称为虚拟地址空间。
            pp.12
            Virtual memory is an abstraction that provides each process with the illusion that ithas exclusive use of the main memory. Each process has the same uniform view ofmemory, which is known as its virtual address space.
            pp.17
            IP属地:北京11楼2012-01-27 12:17
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              文件这个简单而精致的概念其内涵是非常丰富的，因为它向应用程序提供了一个统一的视角，来看待系统中可能含有的所有各式各样的I/O设备。
              pp.13
              This simple and elegant notion of a file is nonetheless very powerful because it provides applications with a uniform view of all of the varied I/O devices that might be contained in the system.
              pp.19
              IP属地:北京14楼2012-01-27 16:14
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                我们用的术语并发（concurrency）是一个通用的概念，指一个同时均具有多个活动的系统；而术语并行（parallelism）指的是用并发使一个系统运行得更快。
                pp.15
                We use the term concurrency to refer to the general concept of a system with multiple, simultaneous activities, and the term parallelism to refer to the use of concurrency to make a system run faster.
                pp.21
                IP属地:北京15楼2012-01-28 11:47
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                  超线程，有时称为同时多线程（simultaneous multi-threading），是一项允许一个CPU执行多个控制流的技术。
                  pp.15
                  Hyperthreading, sometimes called simultaneous multi-threading, is a technique that allows a single CPU to execute multiple flows of control.
                  pp.22
                  IP属地:北京16楼2012-01-28 11:50
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                    在学习操作系统时，我们介绍了三个抽象：文件是对I/O的抽象，虚拟存储器是对程序储存器的抽象，而进程是对一个正在运行的程序的抽象。我们再增加一个新的抽象：虚拟机，它提供对整个计算机（包括操作系统、处理器和程序）的抽象。
                    pp.17
                    On the operating system side, we have introduced three abstractions: files as an abstraction of I/O, virtual memory as an abstraction of program memory, and processes as an abstraction of a running program. To these abstractions we add a new one: the virtual machine, providing an abstraction of the entire computer,including the operating system, the processor, and the programs.
                    pp.25
                    IP属地:北京17楼2012-01-28 11:55
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                      计算机系统使用了多种不同形式的抽象，利用更简单的抽象模型来隐藏实现的细节。
                      pp.106
                      Computer systems employ several different forms of abstraction, hiding details of an implementation through the use of a simpler,abstract model.
                      pp.160
                      IP属地:北京19楼2012-01-29 14:29
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                        对于机器级编程来说，其中两种抽象尤为重要。第一种是机器级程序的格式和行为，定义为指令集体系结构（Instruction set architecture, ISA），它定义了处理器状态、指令的格式，以及每条指令对状态的影响。
                        pp.106
                        Two of these are especially important for machine-level programming. First, the format and behavior of a machine-level program is defined by the instruction set architecture, or “ISA,” defining the processor state,the format of the instructions, and the effect each of these instructions will have on the state.
                        pp.160
                        IP属地:北京20楼2012-01-29 14:49
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                          第二种抽象是，机器级程序使用的存储器地址是虚拟地址，提供的存储器模型看上去是一个非常大的字节数组。
                          pp.106
                          Second, the memory addresses used by a machine-level program are virtual addresses, providing a memory model that appears to be a very large byte array.
                          pp.160
                          IP属地:北京21楼2012-01-29 14:57
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                            各种不同的操作数的可能被分为三种类型。第一种是立即数（immediate），也就是常数值。第二种类型是寄存器（register），它表示某个寄存器的内容。第三类操作数是存储器（memory）引用，它会根据计算出来的地址（通常称为有效地址）访问某个存储器位置。
                            pp.112
                            The different operand possibilities can be classified into three types. The first type, immediate, is for constant values.The second type, register, denotes the contents of one of the registers.The third type of operand is a memory reference, in which we access some memory location according to a computed address, often called the effective address.
                            pp.169
                            IP属地:北京22楼2012-01-30 13:40
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                              栈在处理过程调用中起到至关重要的作用。栈是一个数据结构，可以添加或者删除值，不过要遵循“后进先出”的原则。
                              pp.115
                              The stack plays a vital role in the handling of procedure calls. By way of background, a stack is a data structure where values can be added or deleted, but only according to a “last-in, first-out”discipline.
                              pp.172
                              IP属地:北京23楼2012-02-01 14:03
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