2014年华南理工大学《870语言学和英美文学基础知识》考研真题及详解
Part One
Fundamentals of Linguistics and Literature
（外国语言学及应用语言学和英语语言文学考生共答部分）
Ⅰ. Define the following terms in your own words(每题必答，共20分)
1 argument
【答案】An argument can be defined as a statement or a set of statements used in order to try to convince others that your opinion about an issue is correct. It is an attempt to demonstrate the truth of an assertion, and it is a reasoned and researched claim.查看答案
2 consonant
【答案】Consonants are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.查看答案
3 sense
【答案】Sense refers to the abstract properties of an entity. It is defined in terms of relationships which hold between the linguistic elements themselves. It is concerned with intra-linguistic relations.查看答案
4 minimal pair
【答案】In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language that differ in only one phonological unit and have distinct meanings. They are used to demonstrate that two phones are two separated phonemes in the language.查看答案
5 foregrounding
【答案】Foregrounding is defined as artistically motivated deviation. This deviation, or uncommon usage, involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, meaning, graphology, etc.查看答案
完整真题查看>>http://dacai.100xuexi.com/Ebook/906767.html
6 the gilded age
【答案】It is coined by Mark Twain satirically describing the time period in order to address some of the problems in the United States, such as reconstruction, poverty in all areas of the US, political and corporate corruption and so on.查看答案
7 individualism
【答案】Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one’s goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance, and advocate their interests of the individual should achieve precedent over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference upon one’s own interests by society or institutions such as the government.查看答案
8 cavalier poets
【答案】The cavalier poets belong to a school of English poets in the 17th century, which came from the classes that supported King Charles Ⅰ during the English civil war (1642—1651). Charles, a connoisseur of fine arts, supported poets who created the arts he craved. These poets in turn grouped themselves with the King and his service, thus becoming cavalier poets.
9 naturalism
【答案】The term naturalism was coined by Emile Zola, who defines it as a literary movement which emphasizes observation and scientific method in the fictional portray of reality. Other characteristics of literary naturalism include: detachment, in which the author maintains an impersonal tone and disinterested point of view; determinism, the opposite of free will, in which a character’s fate has been decided, even predetermined, by impersonal forces of nature beyond human control; and a sense that the universe itself is indifferent to human life.查看答案
10 point of view
【答案】Point of view is the perspective from which a story is communicated. It describes the position of the narrator, that is, the character of the story-teller, in relation to the story being told. It can be thought of as a camera mounted on the narrator’s shoulder that can also look back in the narrator’s mind.查看答案
Ⅱ. Answer the following questions(每题必答，共40分)
1 What is language aptitude? Please give three examples to illustrate this concept.
【答案】People differ in the extent to which they possess a natural ability for learning an L2. This ability, known as language aptitude, is believed to be partially related to general intelligence but also to be in part distinct. Language aptitude is thought to be a combination of various abilities, such as the ability to identify sound patterns in a new language, the ability to recognize the different grammatical functions of words in sentences, and the ability to infer language rules, and so on. It has been generally accepted that learners who achieve high scores in language aptitude tests learn rapidly and achieve high proficiency in second language learning. Yet how the components work on the learner’s inter-language development still remains speculative.查看答案
2 What is the difference between a proficiency test and an achievement test?
【答案】An achievement test is a test of developed skill or knowledge. The most common type of achievement test is standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grade level, usually through planned instruction, such as training or classroom instruction. Achievement tests are often contrasted with tests that measure aptitude, a more general and stable cognitive trait. A proficiency test is usually commissioned by a nation for those who are a second language learner of the language of the nation. It is often divided into several levels from the basis one to the highest grade. And it is conducted according to different abilities, generally including reading, listening and writing.查看答案
3 There are many ways of word formation in English lexicology. Can you define back formation and give two examples?
【答案】Back formation refers to an usually abnormal type of word formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. Take “televise” for example. The word “television” appeared before “televise”. The first part of the word “television” was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language. Instead of taking out part of a word as a root, back formation allows us to take out a word of a given category and form a new homophonous word of a different category, such as the noun form “white-wash” that becomes the verb form “whitewash”.
资料来自：http://dacai.100xuexi.com/
Part One
Fundamentals of Linguistics and Literature
（外国语言学及应用语言学和英语语言文学考生共答部分）
Ⅰ. Define the following terms in your own words(每题必答，共20分)
1 argument
【答案】An argument can be defined as a statement or a set of statements used in order to try to convince others that your opinion about an issue is correct. It is an attempt to demonstrate the truth of an assertion, and it is a reasoned and researched claim.查看答案
2 consonant
【答案】Consonants are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.查看答案
3 sense
【答案】Sense refers to the abstract properties of an entity. It is defined in terms of relationships which hold between the linguistic elements themselves. It is concerned with intra-linguistic relations.查看答案
4 minimal pair
【答案】In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language that differ in only one phonological unit and have distinct meanings. They are used to demonstrate that two phones are two separated phonemes in the language.查看答案
5 foregrounding
【答案】Foregrounding is defined as artistically motivated deviation. This deviation, or uncommon usage, involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, meaning, graphology, etc.查看答案
完整真题查看>>http://dacai.100xuexi.com/Ebook/906767.html
6 the gilded age
【答案】It is coined by Mark Twain satirically describing the time period in order to address some of the problems in the United States, such as reconstruction, poverty in all areas of the US, political and corporate corruption and so on.查看答案
7 individualism
【答案】Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one’s goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance, and advocate their interests of the individual should achieve precedent over the state or a social group, while opposing external interference upon one’s own interests by society or institutions such as the government.查看答案
8 cavalier poets
【答案】The cavalier poets belong to a school of English poets in the 17th century, which came from the classes that supported King Charles Ⅰ during the English civil war (1642—1651). Charles, a connoisseur of fine arts, supported poets who created the arts he craved. These poets in turn grouped themselves with the King and his service, thus becoming cavalier poets.
9 naturalism
【答案】The term naturalism was coined by Emile Zola, who defines it as a literary movement which emphasizes observation and scientific method in the fictional portray of reality. Other characteristics of literary naturalism include: detachment, in which the author maintains an impersonal tone and disinterested point of view; determinism, the opposite of free will, in which a character’s fate has been decided, even predetermined, by impersonal forces of nature beyond human control; and a sense that the universe itself is indifferent to human life.查看答案
10 point of view
【答案】Point of view is the perspective from which a story is communicated. It describes the position of the narrator, that is, the character of the story-teller, in relation to the story being told. It can be thought of as a camera mounted on the narrator’s shoulder that can also look back in the narrator’s mind.查看答案
Ⅱ. Answer the following questions(每题必答，共40分)
1 What is language aptitude? Please give three examples to illustrate this concept.
【答案】People differ in the extent to which they possess a natural ability for learning an L2. This ability, known as language aptitude, is believed to be partially related to general intelligence but also to be in part distinct. Language aptitude is thought to be a combination of various abilities, such as the ability to identify sound patterns in a new language, the ability to recognize the different grammatical functions of words in sentences, and the ability to infer language rules, and so on. It has been generally accepted that learners who achieve high scores in language aptitude tests learn rapidly and achieve high proficiency in second language learning. Yet how the components work on the learner’s inter-language development still remains speculative.查看答案
2 What is the difference between a proficiency test and an achievement test?
【答案】An achievement test is a test of developed skill or knowledge. The most common type of achievement test is standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grade level, usually through planned instruction, such as training or classroom instruction. Achievement tests are often contrasted with tests that measure aptitude, a more general and stable cognitive trait. A proficiency test is usually commissioned by a nation for those who are a second language learner of the language of the nation. It is often divided into several levels from the basis one to the highest grade. And it is conducted according to different abilities, generally including reading, listening and writing.查看答案
3 There are many ways of word formation in English lexicology. Can you define back formation and give two examples?
【答案】Back formation refers to an usually abnormal type of word formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. Take “televise” for example. The word “television” appeared before “televise”. The first part of the word “television” was pulled out and analyzed as a root, even though no such root occurs elsewhere in the English language. Instead of taking out part of a word as a root, back formation allows us to take out a word of a given category and form a new homophonous word of a different category, such as the noun form “white-wash” that becomes the verb form “whitewash”.
资料来自：http://dacai.100xuexi.com/
