Chapter 8:
1. Brief definition of seven genaral (primary forms of) supporting materials
(1)definition
An explanation of the meaning of a word
(2)example
The instance that presented as a representative case of some more general group as a whole
(3)story
Narratves to illustrate a general point, with rising, culminating and resolving actions; human personality, human motivation and human triumph or failure (good or bad consequence)
(4)statistics
numeraically formulated facts
(5)quotation
A statement made by others that the speaker uses to support the point
(6)description
To describe means to create a mental picture of some place, objects or process through the words the speaker uses
(7)comparisons and contrasts
这个书上真没写....
To build mental bridges between ideas audience already understands and the new ideas and information that speaker is trying to explain.

再来一遍
definition-An explanation of the meaning of a word
example-The instance presented as a representative case of some more general group as a whole
stories-Narratives to illustrate a general point with rising, culminating and resolving actions; human personality, human motivations and human triumph and failures (good and bad consequence)
quotation-A statement made by others that you use to support the point
statistics-Numerically formulated facts
description-To describe means to create a mental picture of some place, objects or a process through the words you use
comparisons and contrasts-To build mental bridges between ideas that already understands by audience and the new ideas and information that you are trying to explain (take advantage of what the audience already know)

For definition:
1.Difference between "differentiation and classification" and "example":
-Defining by differentiation and classification has 3 steps:
Mention the word -- identify a general class （分类） -- distinguish particular intension from other words of this class by specific attributes and key features
-Defining by example is to give a specific extension to sharpen understanding of the intension of word.
∴ Difference:
Defining by differentiation and classification is to define by the word*s intension, while defining by examples is to define by a specific instance of the word*s extension.
--Meaning of intension and extension:
Intension: A list of attributes that control the proper use of a word to name a category
Extension: Including any examples of what hte word refers to
2.Difference between "differentiation and classification" and "sytonym":
-Defining by differentiation and classification has 3 steps:
Mention the word -- identify a general class (分类）-- distinguish particular intension from other words of this class by specific attributes and key features
-Defining by sytonym:
(Two words having essentially the same meaning called synonym.)
Using the familiar sytonym to understand the unfamiliar word
∴ Difference:
Defining by Differentiation and Classification need 3 steps to descripe while sytonym takes advantage of the understood words.

Definition is the most difficult part of the chapter. The significant concept you need to understand:
1. Classification and Differentiation:
Mention the word
Identify a general class of concepts into which the word fits.
Distinguish the word*s particular intension from the intension of any other members of the class by indentifying the specific attributes that characterize it, using as many key features as it takes to specify the menaning of the word.
2.Example
An specific instance of the word*s extensino
3.Intension
A list of attributes to control the proper use of the word to name a catogery
4.Extension
Inclunding any examples of what the word refers to

Intension
A statement we can find in a dictionary that helps describe the characteristics of a word (that represents a thing or a concept). This statement is abstract because it is based on language descriptions only.
When creating such statementt, two processes work hand in hand (as a pair)
-Classification
put a word into class or category
However, there are many diffenrent types and menbers in such class or category
-Differentiation
A process to distinguish the word by attributes and key features

Extension
tell us how a word functions in the real world or how a word represents a thing in the real world
tell us how a word functions in the real world or how a word represents a thing in the real world
tell us how a word functions in the real world or how a word represents a thing in the real world

Rhetorical Question: A question requiring a covert mental response, but no overt behavioral response.反问
Example:The answer can be usually annoying, right?
Credibility: The quality that sb./sth. has that makes people believe or trust them
Example: Plagiarism can seriously undermine the credibility of your speech.
Goodwill Bond: The goal of establishing a positive relationship between speaker and audience has been givin a variety of names, one is goodwill bond. It has some synonyms such as comon ground.
Example : So do I
Analogy:
A way of pointing out similarities between the topic of your speech and sth else with which your audience is presumably already familiar.
Call to action:
provide a special opportunity to invite people to act

Principles of using Statistics
-Using fairly
-Reveal who generate the statistics
-Explain which type of average you are using : mean average/ median average/ modal average
-Extrapolate trends reasonably: Extrapolation is the process that a person uses the past events to predict what will happen in the future. However, past result cannot guarantee the future performance.
-Interpret Statistics for your audience by verbal extrapolation or commonsense comparison
-Chain a series of statistics together
-visualize statistics
再来一遍
Principles of statistics
-Using statistics fairly
-Reveal who generate statistics
-Explain which type of average you are using: Mean/Median/Modal
-Extrapolate trends reasonably: Extrapolation is the process that a person uses the past events to predict what will happen in the future . However, past result cannot guarantee the future performace.
-interpret statistics by verbal extrapolation or commonsense comparison
-Chain a series of statistics together
-Visualize

3 Types of Quotations:
-Quoting an expert
-Quoting from someone who has artistically captured your theme in a pithy phrase that epitomize the point you want to make。我去这句好难－ －
-Quoting a popular maxim, famous literary saying or popular cultural expression
Agian
-Quoting an expert
(establish credibility)
-Quoting from sb. who has artistically captured your theme in a pithy phrase that epitomize the point you wantto make.
(launch the point with imaginative power)
-Quoting a popular maxim, famous literary saying or popular cultural expression.
(capture attention, direct towards point)
-Quoting expert ------establish credibility
-Quoting from sb. has artistically captured your theme in a pithy phrases that epitomize the point -----launch point with imginative power
-Quoting maxim, literary saying, cultural expression- capture attention, direct towards the point

5 Types of narrative:
-first person narrative:
The most compelling because you are the central character and the story happens to you
-Third-person narrative:
ITS like personal anecdote except that the central character is someone other than yourself
-Fictional narrative:
Made up.
A composite sketch designed to be a typical story
-Humorous narrative:
Attempt to induce the audience to laugh
Punch line.
do with the point!
-Historical narrative:
Helping establish a context for a contemporary speech on the same project.

Chapter 9 Language techniques
1. Repetition-based
Alliteration- repetition of the initial sounds of words
Rhyme- repetition of the final vowel and consonant sounds of words
eg. Might Right
Assonance- repetition of the central vowel sounds in successive or nearby words
eg. Holy Roman Empire
Out of sight, out of mind
Right to life
Repetition of words and phrases
Repetition of grammatical pattern:
-Parallel structure
-Antithesis
-Simple contrasts
Correlative conjunctions
Climaxing Triads
2. Image -based
Metaphors
Similes: like and as
Personifications
Sensory images
Sensory descriptions
Scenarios
Archetypal images
Allusion
Metonymies
后面的几乎解释无能－ －

Define alliteration and provide expample:
A repetition of initial consonant sounds of words close to each other
A language techniques we use to repeat the initial consonant sounds of words close to each other.
Rhyme:
A repetition of the final vowel or consonant sounds of world.
A language techniques we use to repeat the final vowel or consonant sounds of words.
Metaphor:
An image that make a comparison inderectly and implicitly by suggesting an equivalence between two things.
An image that make a comparison indirectly and implicitly by suggesting an equivalence between two things.
A language technique that we use to compare the similarities between two things indirectly and implicitly.
A langauge technique that we use to compare the similarities between two things indirectly and implicitly.
Simile.
An image that make a comparison directly and explicilty withe the use of like or as by suggesting an equvalence between tweo things.
An IMAGE that make a comparison directly and explicitly with the use of like or as by suggesting an equivalence between two things.
A language technique that we use to compare the similarities between two things directly and explicitly. W euse words such as like or as to make the comparison.
A language techinique that we use th compare the similarities between two things directly and explicitly. We use words such as like or as to make the comparison.
Climax Triad:
A LANGUAGE TECHNIQUE that we string three parallel words, phrases, clauses or sentences together in a rapid sequence in order to build a climax on the third member of the triad. It is also the moment to elicit applause or other responses.
a LANGUAGE TECHNIQUE that we string 3 parallel words, phrases, clauses, sentences together in a rapid sequence in order to build a climax on the 3rd member of the triad. I t is also the moment to elicit applause or other responses.
Bigger snacks mean bigger slacks.
One small step for a man; one giant leap for mankind
-Simple contrast
A language technique that we put two facts together in order to show the difference betwwen them. We do so without the use of any negative particles and with the repetition of the samke key word(S) in both halves of the sentence.好长啊
A language technique that we put two facts together in order to show the difference between them without use any negative particles and with the repetition of the same key word(S) in both halves of the sentence.
A language technique we put two facts together in order to show the diffencet between them without use any nagative particles and with repetition of samekey word in both halve of sentence
A language technique that we put two facts together in order to show the differnece between them without use any negative particles and with the repetition of the same key word(s) in bothe halve of the sentence.
I dont like Reggae; I love it
Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.
--Antithesis
A language technique that we put two opposing ideas together with the use of negative particles such as no or not.
A language technique that we put two opposing ideas together with the use of negative particles such as no or not.
A language techinique that we put two opposing ideas togheher with the use of negative particles such as no or not.
A language technique that we put two opposing ideas together with the use of negative particles such as no or not
A language technique that we put two opposing ideas together with the use of negative particles such as no or not.

Archetypal image:这玩意叫原型意象你造吗我可以放弃吗中文都不能具体阐述好吗
A collectively inherited unconscious idea that is universally present in everyone*s mind
Archetypal image
A collectively inherited unconscious idea that is universally present in everyone*s mind
A collectively inherited unconscious idea that is universally present in everyone*s mind
A collectively inherited unconscious idea that is universally present in everyone*s mind

Allusion暗喻
An idea reffering to another person or subject in an indirect way.
An idea reffering to another person or subject in an indirect way.
An idea reffering to another person or subject in an indirect way.